Identification should include
- the organs related to the urinary system
- the male and female urinary systems
- the role of the kidneys
- the constituents of urine
- pathologies of the urinary system (e.g., bladder tumors, cystitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, nephrectomies, kidney transplants).
Process/Skill Questions:
- What factors affect kidney function and urine formation? How do the kidneys regulate water balance? How would one describe the formation of urine, including flow through the kidneys?
- How would one explain the kidneys’ role in maintaining the body’s acid-base balance?
- How is rennin related to blood pressure?
- How does blood pressure affect red blood cell production?
- What lab tests are used to evaluate urine? What are the normal expected ranges of each test?
- Why is it essential to maintain kidney function throughout the perioperative process?
- What effects does aging have on the urinary system? What are the implications for surgery?